在世界各地，海洋生态系统显示出困境的迹象，包括鱼类种群急剧减少、栖息地破坏和污染。为了解决这些和其他海洋环境问题，许多国家正在进行海洋空间规划（MSP）。MSP的一个中心目标是改善和维持生态系统服务的提供，即自然为人类提供利益的生态过程。一些MSP初始方案和工具包采用了ES框架，以更全面地考虑不同分区方案的成本和收益。ES框架的一个优点是，它提供了一种通用语言和一组指标，用于评估与自然资源决策相关的利益流和权衡。生态学家和经济学家在解释ES的货币价值方面取得了重大进展，特别是在提供、支持和监管服务方面。
Around the world, marine ecosystems show signs of distress,including drastically diminished fish stocks, habitat destruction and pollution (Worm et al., 2006). In order to address these and other marine environmental issues, many countries are conducting marine spatial planning (MSP) (Ehler and Douvere, 2009). A central goal of MSP is to improve and sustain the provision of ecosystem services (ES) (Foley et al., 2010), the ecological processes through which nature provides benefits to people (Levine and Chan, 2011). Several MSP initiatives and toolkits have adopted ES frameworks to more fully account for the costs and benefits of different zoning options (Carr, 2011; Guerry,2011). One strength of the ES framework is that it provides a common language and set of metrics for evaluating the flow of benefits and trade-offs associated with natural resource decisions (Daily et al.,2009). Ecologists and economists have made substantial progress to account for the monetary value of ES, particularly regarding provi- sioning, supporting and regulating services (Boyd and Banzhaf, 2007; Daily and Ellison, 2002; TEEB,2009).
hy00124-导航沿海价值：用于空间规划的生态系统服务的参与式制图(英文).pdf 
